Defining the Metaverse
Metaverse is a combination of the prefix “meta”, meaning beyond, and “universe”. A simple way to appreciate โthe Metaverseโ is simply to think cyberspace or virtual worlds. It is being argued as the next big disruptive wave in current technology and internet experience. And as such, it is a leap in the internet and online experience that we know, taking 2D to 3D, and potentially 4D. Silicon Valley metaverse proponents sometimes reference a description from venture capitalist Matthew Ball, author of the extensive Metaverse Primer as a definition of the Metaverse:
โThe Metaverse is an expansive network of persistent, real-time rendered 3D worlds and simulations that support continuity of identity, objects, history, payments, and entitlements, and can be experienced synchronously by an effectively unlimited number of users, each with an individual sense of presence.โ[1]
Meta, arguably the tech company with the biggest stake in the metaverse, describes it more simply:
โThe โmetaverseโ is a set of virtual spaces where you can create and explore with other people who arenโt in the same physical space as you.โ
Although it is novel to consider the Metaverse as one โmetaโ-verse with multiple virtual worlds, big corporations are racing to build their own metaverses, whilst decentralised platforms are facilitating decentralised virtual world development. The buzz and hype around the Metaverse was the idea that it would be a collection of virtual worlds or environments, which are interconnected by a principle of openness, which enables seamless movement, and transfer of assets. However, with the opportunity that exists and the potential profits, several companies are developing a metaverse or a metaverse-y concept in some way. There are companies building a fashion metaverse, an industrial metaverse, an entertainment metaverse, a gaming metaverse, a shark metaverse and many others[2].
To offer an immersive virtual experience, tech companies are incorporating cutting-edge technologies to power the 3D worldโs development. Such technologies include blockchain and crypto-assets, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), 3D reconstruction, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of things (IoT)[3]. At present, metaverses can be accessed through VR headsets, PCs, game consoles and phones.
Properties of the Metaverse
ย Those tech industry figures who talk about โthe metaverseโ are usually excited about digital platforms that include some of the following things:
- Feature sets that overlap with older web services or real-world activities
- Real-time 3D computer graphics and personalised avatars
- A variety of person-to-person social interactions that are less competitive and goal-oriented than stereotypical games
- Support for users creating their own virtual items and environments
- Links with outside economic systems so people can profit from virtual goods
- Designs that seem well-suited to virtual and augmented reality headsets, even if they usually support other hardware as well
But in most current discourse, โthe metaverseโ arguably isnโt a fixed set of attributes. Itโs an aspirational term for a future digital world that feels more tangibly connected to our real lives and bodies[4].
The Ideas Behind the Metaverse
To shape up the metaverse as a digital economy enabling socialising and a marketplace with the movement of digital goods, digital capital, digital people and provision of services, there are several underlying ideas involved in the metaverse:
- Virtual reality โ this idea is about immersion in another reality and the increased presence in a virtual realm. This is one of the most important characteristics of any metaverse.
- People โ this idea is about the digital representation of people in the metaverse, which then allows the digital economy to be meaningful. The metaverse is social by design.
- Markets โ this idea is what allows the exchange of goods and services, and incentivises people to get involved in the metaverse. The opportunity for monetisation incentivises.
- Persistence โ this idea is about the metaverse being available and existing even when you are not in it. Things are happening, transactions are taking places, events are occurring in your absence[5].
- Connection to the real world โ this idea is about the ability of the metaverse to intertwine with the real world through augmented reality.
- Goods โ this idea is about the ability to trade and transact digital goods and real goods through the metaverse, spurring an economy.
- Services โ this idea is about the provision of services and infrastructure in the metaverse, incentivising developers to provide services and build the metaverse.
- Capital โ this idea is about the flow of capital and funds in the metaverse, ensuring that the metaverse has an independent fully-functional currency.
Metaverse and the Digital Economy
Arguably, the most exciting and incentivising appeal of the metaverse concept is the birth of a fully functioning digital economy. The goal is for users to create, buy, and sell goods. The metaverse is facilitating the birth of a fully functioning, persistent and real time digital market, allowing a new kind of decentralised digital asset to be built, owned and monetised. All this is being powered for the most part, by blockchain technology, using crypto-assets as the medium of exchange, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) for the goods and services of the digital economy.
Examples of Metaverses
Two common examples of metaverses in use today are Roblox and Decentraland. Roblox is used by millions of (mostly young) people around the world, who create an avatar and interact in a user-generated 3D world. Players can create their own games as well as buy, sell and create virtual items which can be used to decorate their avatar.
Decentraland is a user-owned, Ethereum-based virtual world where you can play, explore, and interact with games and activities. You can also purchase parcels of land on which to build your own environments, marketplaces, and applications. Decentralandโs value proposition to application developers is that they can fully capitalise on the economic interactions between their applications and users. A key economic concept of Decentraland and other metaverses is adjacency of land. All metaverse parcels are contiguous to others at a fixed location โ within a finite geography. This creates scarcity due to the limited amount of property supply. And scarcity enables property value to rise and fall, based on universal laws of supply and demand. NFTs enable the property transactions that drive the metaverse. These tokens provide indisputable proof of ownership that is more secure than any land deed[6].
Shariah Considerations
Our approach to the metaverse or to any technology should be proactive and we should be co-creating technology that is beneficial for humanity, in line with Shariah principles. The principle in Shariah is that โeverything is permissible unless there is a clear prohibitionโ[7]. What this principle does is that it actually encourages us to be innovative and creative. There is a push to be entrepreneurial and inquisitive. The fear of falling into something unlawful just because it is unknown or new is removed with this principle. Being โnewโ does not mean we wait or hesitate, it means we engage, learn and experiment, whilst engaging with Shariah experts in the co-creation of valuable endeavours and understanding the Shariah boundaries. Of course, if something non-compliant is detected, then we must abstain.
The Shariah considerations relating to the metaverse can be summed up into the following areas:
- Utility
- Real vs virtual
- Representations
- Experiences
- Trading
1.Utility
Shariah is all about benefit and utility. Whatever a person does, should bring about worldly or otherworldly benefit to them.ย Ibn al-Qayyim (rahimahullah) states, โThe Shariah is founded and based upon wisdoms and principles that bring value to people in this world and the otherworld.โ[8] Imam al-Shatibi (rahimahullah) said that โthe Shariah has only been revealed to establish benefit for people in this world and the next, and to save them from harm.โ[9]
The Qurโan encourages believers to stay away from Laghw. Imam al-Razi explains this by pursuits which are frivolous, aimless, futile and unproductive[10]. Of course, this makes complete sense. If we take a holistic view of life, we have a very clear reason for existence, a finite resource of time, and an impending accountability in the next life.
Although Shariah encourages us to be entrepreneurial and creative in trade and business in order to fulfil our worldly needs, there is still a framework that governs practice. The jurists discuss how not everything can be monetised. Money should only be gained and earned from goods and services which are lawful and deemed to have a reasonable benefit. It is severely disliked to waste and squander money in activities which give no reasonable benefit, such that no reasonable person would engage in[11].
In fact, one of the underpinning properties for tradable good or service in Shariah is that it should have reasonable benefit in that item or service[12].
Considering the above in the metaverse discussion, any activity in the metaverse and any design of a Shariah-compliant metaverse should be focused on utility and benefit. Engagement with virtual reality should be value-adding and beneficial[13].
Games and activities on the metaverse which consist of the following are best avoided altogether[14]:
a. Have no genuine and reasonable benefit, and is simply done for amusement. Whilst there is flexibility in children playing games and Fatawa of scholars to support playing games on consoles with conditions, data supports the harms of addiction and over-indulgence for even children[15]. Thus, every responsible person should govern themselves and their dependents in this affair and ensure that on the balance of things, activities are in the best interests of the child insofar as their worldly and hereafter is concerned.
b. Shariah non-compliant elements.
2. Real vs virtual
Engagement with any activity should not impact oneโs obligations. This rule applies to engagements with the metaverse too. Any activity which impacts Shariah obligations whether that is prayer or rights of people, then that activity will become impermissible due to this external factor[16].
3. Representations
Designing avatars and concepts in the metaverse should not compose any of the following:
- Anything unlawful to see in Shariah
- Anything sacred in Shariah which it prohibited to portray such as the Allah, the Prophets etc.
- Ridiculing or disfiguring of other people
- Limbs and areas which the Shariah orders to be covered and concealed.
Similarly, there should be honesty in oneโs identity. Fake identities or misrepresenting others should also be abstained from.
4. Experiences
When developing or hosting events in the metaverse, such events should not be composed of anything unlawful in Shariah. Hence, building nightclubs, casinos and similar experiences or engaging in such events in a metaverse would not be Shariah compliant.
For a Shariah-based metaverse, the experiences should be educational, inspirational, motivational and spiritual. A rule of thumb is that whatever is typically permissible to do in the world is generally permissible to do in the metaverse.
5. Trading
Any transaction which results in a transfer of something whether in the real world or digital world, must be according to Shariah principles. Hence, all the prohibitions of Shariah apply in the metaverse too, such as Riba, Gharar and so forth. A digital economy in the metaverse cannot have marketplaces with unlawful financing or Riba-based lending. Similarly, the goods and services being traded must be Shariah compliant.
Conclusion
The above five areas are the foundational blocks that need to be focused upon to develop a Shariah compliant metaverse. The metaverse in and of itself is not prohibited. Rather, the engagement should be meaningful. Shariah is about adding meaning in life, and therefore, any activity performed by a Muslim should be about meaning. Earning money should be done in an honourable way, without harming others and cheating others. A Shariah-based metaverse would be value-adding for everyone, Muslim or non-Muslim, since the Shariah has values which are of benefit for humanity and the entire world.
________________________________________________________________________________________
[1] https://www.theverge.com/22701104/metaverse-explained-fortnite-roblox-facebook-horizon
[2] https://www.protocol.com/newsletters/sourcecode/too-many-metaverses?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1
[3] https://academy.binance.com/en/articles/top-7-technologies-that-power-the-metaverse
[4] https://www.theverge.com/22701104/metaverse-explained-fortnite-roblox-facebook-horizon
[5] https://theconversation.com/metaverse-five-things-to-know-and-what-it-could-mean-for-you-171061
[6] https://www.ft.com/partnercontent/crypto-com/nfts-the-metaverse-economy.html
[7] ู ูุทูููุจู ุงููู ูุฎูุชูุงุฑู ุฃูููู ุงููุฃูุตููู ููู ุงููุฃูุดูููุงุกู ุงููุฅูุจูุงุญูุฉู
ุฃูููููู: ููุตูุฑููุญู ููู ุงูุชููุญูุฑููุฑู ุจูุฃูููู ุงููู ูุฎูุชูุงุฑู ุฃูููู ุงููุฃูุตููู ุงููุฅูุจูุงุญูุฉู ุนูููุฏู ุงููุฌูู ููููุฑู ู ููู ุงููุญููููููููุฉู ููุงูุดููุงููุนููููุฉู ุงูู ููุชูุจูุนููู ุชูููู ููุฐููู ุงููุนููููุงู ูุฉู ููุงุณูู ูุ ููุฌูุฑูู ุนููููููู ููู ุงููููุฏูุงููุฉู ู ููู ููุตููู ุงููุญูุฏูุงุฏูุ ููููู ุงููุฎูุงูููููุฉู ู ููู ุฃูููุงุฆููู ุงููุญูุธูุฑู ููุงููุฅูุจูุงุญูุฉู. ููููุงูู ููู ุดูุฑูุญู ุงูุชููุญูุฑููุฑู: ูููููู ูููููู ู ูุนูุชูุฒูููุฉู ุงููุจูุตูุฑูุฉู ููููุซููุฑู ู ููู ุงูุดููุงููุนููููุฉู ููุฃูููุซูุฑู ุงููุญููููููููุฉู ููุง ุณููููู ูุง ุงููุนูุฑูุงูููููููู. ููุงูููุง: ููุฅููููููู ุฃูุดูุงุฑู ู ูุญูู ููุฏู ูููู ููู ููุฏููุฏู ุจูุงููููุชููู ุนูููู ุฃููููู ุงููู ูููุชูุฉู ุฃููู ุดูุฑูุจู ุงููุฎูู ูุฑู ููููู ู ููููุนููู ุญูุชููู ููุชููู ุจููููููููู: ุฎูููุช ุฃููู ููููููู ุขุซูู ูุงุ ููุฃูููู ุฃููููู ุงููู ูููุชูุฉู ููุดูุฑูุจู ุงููุฎูู ูุฑู ููู ู ููุญูุฑููู ูุง ุฅูููุง ุจูุงูููููููู ุนูููููู ูุงุ ููุฌูุนููู ุงููุฅูุจูุงุญูุฉู ุฃูุตูููุง ููุงููุญูุฑูู ูุฉู ุจูุนูุงุฑูุถู ุงูููููููู. ุงูู. (ุญุงุดูุฉ ุงุจู ุนุงุจุฏูู)
[8] ย ุฅูููู ุงูุดููุฑููุนูุฉู ู ูุจูููุงููุง ููุฃูุณูุงุณูููุง ุนูููู ุงููุญูููู ู ููู ูุตูุงููุญู ุงููุนูุจูุงุฏู ููู ุงููู ูุนูุงุดู ููุงููู ูุนูุงุฏู. (ุฅุนูุงู ุงูู ููุนูู)
[9]ย ย ูุงูุดุฑูุนุฉ ู ุง ูุถุนุช ุงูุง ูุชุญููู ู ุตุงูุญ ุงูุนุจุงุฏ ูู ุงูุนุงุฌู ูุงูุขุฌู ูุฏุฑุก ุงูู ูุงุณุฏ ุนููู (ุงูู ูุงููุงุช)
[10] ุงูุตููููุฉู ุงูุซูุงููุซูุฉู: ูููููููู ุชูุนุงูู: ๏ดฟูุงูููุฐูููู ูู
ุนููู ุงููููุบููู ู
ูุนูุฑูุถูููู๏ดพ ููู ุงููููุบููู ุฃูููุงูู.
ุฃุญูุฏููุง: ุฃููููู ููุฏูุฎููู ููููู ููููู ู
ุง ูุงูู ุญูุฑุงู
ูุง ุฃูู ู
ูููุฑููููุง ุฃูู ูุงูู ู
ูุจุงุญูุงุ ููููููู ูุง ููููููู ุจูุงูู
ูุฑูุกู ุฅูููููู ุถูุฑููุฑูุฉู ูุญุงุฌูุฉู.
ูุซุงููููุง: ุฃููููู ุนูุจุงุฑูุฉู ุนููู ููููู ู
ุง ูุงูู ุญูุฑุงู
ูุง ููููุทูุ ูููุฐุง ุงูุชููููุณููุฑู ุฃุฎูุตูู ู
ููู ุงูุฃููููู.
ูุซุงููุซููุง: ุฃููููู ุนูุจุงุฑูุฉู ุนููู ุงูู
ูุนูุตูููุฉู ูู ุงููููููู ูุงููููุงู
ู ุฎุงุตููุฉูุ ูููุฐุง ุฃุฎูุตูู ู
ููู ุงูุซูุงููู.
ูุฑุงุจูุนููุง: ุฃููููู ุงูู
ูุจุงุญู ุงูููุฐูู ูุง ุญุงุฌูุฉู ุฅููููููุ ย (ุงูุชูุณูุฑ ุงููุจูุฑ)
[11] ูููุฑู ุฃู ูุฌุนู ุนูู ุงููุญุฏ ุฏููู ุฎุดุจ ูุฑูุฏ ุจู ุตูุงุฆุญ ุฎุดุจ ุชูุถุน ุนูู ุงููุญุฏุ ูุฃู ูู ุฐูู ุฅุถุงุนุฉ ุงูู ุงู ุจูุง ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ูุฅู ุงููุจู ููููุ ููุฃู ุฐูู ูุณุชุนู ู ููุฒููุฉ ุฃู ูุฅุญูุงู ุงูุจูุงุกุ ูุงูู ูุช ุบูุฑ ู ุญุชุงุฌ ุฅูู ุฐููุ ูููู ู ุน ูุฐุง ูู ูุนู ูุง ุจุฃุณ ุจู ูุฑุฎุงูุฉ ุงูุฃุฑุงุถู ูู ุฏูุงุฑูุง. (ุงูู ุญูุท ุงูุจุฑูุงูู)
(ููุงูู ููููููู ุฃูุญูุฏู ู ูููููููู ุนููู ุฅููุณูุงุฏู ุงูุทููุนูุงู ูุ ููู ููู ุงููุฅูููุณูุงุฏู ุงููุฅูุณูุฑูุงูู) ููููุฐูุง ููู ูุง ุฑููููู ยซุฃูููู ุงููููุจูููู – ุตููููู ุงูููููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู ู – ููููู ุนููู ุงููููููู ููุงููููุงูู ููุนููู ููุซูุฑูุฉู ุงูุณููุคูุงูู ููุนููู ุฅุถูุงุนูุฉู ุงููู ูุงููยปุ ููููู ุงููุฅูููุณูุงุฏู ุฅุถูุงุนูุฉู ุงููู ูุงูู ุซูู ูู ุงููุญูุงุตููู ุฃูููููู ููุญูุฑูู ู ุนูููู ุงููู ูุฑูุกู ูููู ูุง ุงููุชูุณูุจููู ู ููู ุงููุญูููุงูู ุงููุฅูููุณูุงุฏู ููุงูุณููุฑููู ููุงููุฎูููููุงุกู ููุงูุชููููุงุฎูุฑู ููุงูุชููููุงุซูุฑูุ ุฃูู ููุง ุงููุฅูููุณูุงุฏู ููุญูุฑูุงู ู ูููููููููู ุชูุนูุงููู {ููุงุจูุชูุบู ูููู ูุง ุขุชูุงูู ุงูููููู ุงูุฏููุงุฑู ุงููุขุฎูุฑูุฉู} [ุงููุตุต: 77] ุงููุขููุฉูุ ููุฃูู ููุง ุงูุณููุฑููู ููุญูุฑูุงู ู ูููููููููู ุชูุนูุงููู {ููููุง ุชูุณูุฑููููุง} [ุงูุฃูุนุงู : 141] ุงููุขููุฉู ููููุงูู ุฌูููู ููุนูููุง {ููุงููููุฐูููู ุฅุฐูุง ุฃููููููููุง} [ุงููุฑูุงู: 67] ุงููุขููุฉู ููุฐููููู ุฏูููููู ุนูููู ุฃูููู ุงููุฅูุณูุฑูุงูู ููุงูุชููููุชููุฑู ุญูุฑูุงู ู ููุฃูููู ุงููู ูููุฏููุจู ุฅูููููู ู ูุง ุจูููููููู ูุงุ ููููู ุงููุฅูุณูุฑูุงูู ุชูุจูุฐููุฑู ููููุงูู ุงูููููู ุชูุนูุงููู {ููููุง ุชูุจูุฐููุฑู ุชูุจูุฐููุฑูุง} [ุงูุฅุณุฑุงุก: 26] ุซูู ูู ุงูุณููุฑููู ููู ุงูุทููุนูุงู ู ุฃูููููุงุนู ููู ููู ุฐููููู ุงููุฃููููู ูููููู ุงูุดููุจูุนู ูููููููููู – ุตููููู ุงูููููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู ู – ยซู ูุง ู ูููุฃ ุงุจููู ุขุฏูู ู ููุนูุงุกู ุดูุฑููุง ู ููู ุจูุทููููู ููุฅููู ููุงูู ููุง ุจูุฏูู ููุซูููุซู ูููุทููุนูุงู ู ููุซูููุซู ูููุดููุฑูุงุจู ููุซูููุซู ููููููููุณูยป ููููุงูู – ุตููููู ุงูููููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู ู – ยซููููููู ุงุจููู ุขุฏูู ู ููููููู ูุงุชู ููููู ููู ุตูููุจููู ููููุง ููููุงู ู ุนูููู ููููุงููยปุ ููููุฃูููููู ุฅูููู ูุง ููุฃููููู ููู ูููููุนูุฉู ููููุณูููุ ููููุง ู ูููููุนูุฉู ููู ุงููุฃููููู ูููููู ุงูุดููุจูุนู (ุงูู ุจุณูุท ููุณุฑุฎุณู)ย
[12] ุงุณูุชูุฃูุฌูุฑู ุฅููุณุงูู ุญูุตุงููุง ููููุฑูุจูุทููู ุฃู ุงู ู ุฏุงุฑูููุ ุฃูู ููููุฌููููุจูููุ ุฃูู ุงุณูุชูุฃูุฌูุฑู ุซููุงุจูุง ููููุถูุนููุง ููู ุจูููุชููู ููููุธูููู ุงูููุงุณู ุฃููู ูููู ุญูุตุงููุงุ ุฃูู ุซููุงุจูุง ูููููุณูุฉู ููููุฑุงูุง ุงูููุงุณู ูููุธูููุฑู ุจููุง ุจูู ูุธูููุฑู ุงูุฃุบููููุงุกู ูุงูุฅุฌุงุฑูุฉู ูุงุณูุฏูุฉู ููุง ุชูุฌูุจู ุงูุฃูุฌูุฑูุฉู ููููุงุ ููุฃููููุง ู ููููุนูุฉู ุบูููุฑู ู ูููุตููุฏูุฉู ู ูู ุงูุนููููู ููู ุงูุดููุฑูุนู ูููุธูุฑู ุงูุนููููุงุกู.
ููุง ููููููู ููุตูุญููุฉู ุงูุฅุฌุงุฑูุฉู ุฃูู ุชูููููู ุงูู ููููุนูุฉู ู ูููุตููุฏูุฉู ููููู ูุณูุชูุฃูุฌูุฑูุ ุจููู ูุง ุจูุฏูู ุฃูู ููููููู ููููุง ู ููููุนูุฉู ู ูููุตููุฏูุฉู ููู ุงูุดููุฑูุนู ูููุธูุฑู ุงูุนููููุงุกู. (ุฏุฑุฑ ุงูุญูุงู ุดุฑุญ ู ุฌูุฉ ุงูุฃุญูุงู )
(ููููููุง) : ุฃูููู ุงููููููุจู ู ูุงููุ ููููุงูู ู ูุญููููุง ููููุจูููุนู ููุงูุตููููุฑูุ ููุงููุจูุงุฒููุ ููุงูุฏููููููู ุนูููู ุฃูููููู ู ูุงูู ุฃูููููู ู ูููุชูููุนู ุจููู ุญููููููุฉู ู ูุจูุงุญู ุงููุงููุชูููุงุนู ุจููู ุดูุฑูุนูุง ุนูููู ุงููุฅูุทูููุงูู ููููุงูู ู ูุงููุงุ ููููุง ุดูููู ุฃูููููู ู ูููุชูููุนู ุจููู ุญููููููุฉูุ ููุงูุฏููููููู ุนูููู ุฃูููููู ู ูุจูุงุญู ุงููุงููุชูููุงุนู ุจููู ุดูุฑูุนูุง ุนูููู ุงููุฅูุทูููุงูู ุฃูููู ุงููุงููุชูููุงุนู ุจููู ุจูุฌูููุฉู ุงููุญูุฑูุงุณูุฉูุ ููุงููุงุตูุทูููุงุฏู ู ูุทููููู ุดูุฑูุนูุง ููู ุงููุฃูุญูููุงูู ูููููููุง ููููุงูู ู ูุญููููุง ููููุจูููุนูุ ููุฃูููู ุงููุจูููุนู ุฅุฐูุง ุตูุงุฏููู ู ูุญููููุง ู ูููุชูููุนูุง ุจููู ุญููููููุฉู ู ูุจูุงุญู ุงููุงููุชูููุงุนู ุจููู ุนูููู ุงููุฅูุทูููุงูู ู ูุณููุชู ุงููุญูุงุฌูุฉู ุฅููู ุดูุฑูุนูููุ ููุฃูููู ุดูุฑูุนููู ููููุนู ุณูุจูุจูุงุ ููููุณููููุฉู ููููุงุฎูุชูุตูุงุตู ุงููููุงุทูุนู ููููู ูููุงุฒูุนูุฉู ุฅุฐู ุงููุญูุงุฌูุฉู ุฅููู ููุทูุนู ุงููู ูููุงุฒูุนูุฉู ูููู ูุง ููุจูุงุญู ุงููุงููุชูููุงุนู ุจููู ุดูุฑูุนูุง ุนูููู ุงููุฅูุทูููุงูู ููุง ูููู ูุง ููุฌููุฒู. (ุจุฏุงุฆุน ุงูุตูุงุฆุน)
ููููุง ููููุทูุนู ููู ุงูุชููุจูููุ ููุงููุญูุดููุดูุ ููุงููููุตูุจูุ ููุงููุญูุทูุจูุ ููุฃูููู ุงููููุงุณู ููุง ููุชูู ููููููููู ููุฐููู ุงููุฃูุดูููุงุกู.
ููููุง ููุธููููููู ุจูููุงุ ููุนูุฏูู ู ุนูุฒููุชูููุงุ ูููููููุฉู ุฎูุทูุฑูููุง ุนูููุฏูููู ูุ ุจููู ููุนูุฏููููู ุงูุธูููููุฉู ุจูููุง ู ููู ุจูุงุจู ุงููุฎูุณูุงุณูุฉูุ ููููุงููุชู ุชูุงููููุฉูุ ููููุง ููุทูุนู ููู ุงูุชููุฑูุงุจูุ ููุงูุทูููููุ ููุงููุฌูุตููุ ููุงููููุจูููุ ููุงูููููุฑูุฉูุ ููุงููุขุฌูุฑููุ ููุงููููุฎููุงุฑูุ ููุงูุฒููุฌูุงุฌูุ ููุชูููุงููุชูููุง ููุฑูููู ุจููููู ุงูุชููุฑูุงุจูุ ููุจููููู ุงููุฎูุดูุจูุ ุญูููุซู ุณููููู ููู ุงูุชููุฑูุงุจู ุจููููู ุงููู ูุนูู ูููู ู ููููู ููุบูููุฑู ุงููู ูุนูู ููููุ ููููุฑูููู ููู ุงููุฎูุดูุจูุ ููุฃูููู ุงูุตููููุนูุฉู ููู ุงููุฎูุดูุจู ุฃูุฎูุฑูุฌูุชููู ุนููู ุญูุฏูู ุงูุชููููุงููุฉูุ ููุงูุตููููุนูุฉู ููู ุงูุชููุฑูุงุจู ููู ู ุชูุฎูุฑูุฌููู ุนููู ูููููููู ุชูุงููููุงุ ููุนูุฑููู ุฐููููู ุจูุงูุฑููุฌููุนู ุฅููู ุนูุฑููู ุงููููุงุณู ููุนูุงุฏูุงุชูููู ูุ . (ุจุฏุงุฆุน ุงูุตูุงุฆุน)
ุฃูููู ุงููุฃูุนูููุงูู ุฅูููู ูุง ุชูุตููุฑู ู ูุงููุง ุจูุงุนูุชูุจูุงุฑู ุงููุงููุชูููุงุนู ุจูููุงุ ููู ูุงููุง ููููุชูููุนู ุจููู ููููููุณู ุจูู ูุงูู ููุฅูุฐูุง ููู ู ุชูุตูุฑู ุงููุฃูุนูููุงูู ู ูุงููุง ุฅูููุง ุจูุงุนูุชูุจูุงุฑูููุง ูููููููู ุชูููุนูุฏูู ู ุงููู ูุงูููููุฉู ูููููุงุ ูููููู ู ูุชููููููู ูุฉู ุจูููููุณูููุงุ ููุฃูููู ุงูุชูููููููู ู ุนูุจูุงุฑูุฉู ุนููู ุงููุนูุฒููุฉูุ ูููููู ุนูุฒููุฒูุฉู ุจูููููุณูููุง ุนูููุฏู ุงููููุงุณู ููููููุฐูุง ููุจูุฏููููููู ุงููุฃูุนูููุงูู ููุฃูุฌูููููุง ุจููู ุชููููููู ู ุงููุฃูุนูููุงูู ุจูุงุนูุชูุจูุงุฑูููุง ููููุณูุชูุญูููู ุฃููู ููุง ุชูููููู ูููู ู ูุชููููููู ูุฉู (ุชุจููู ุงูุญูุงุฆู)
(ูููููููู: ู ูุงููุง ุฃููู ููุง) ุฅููุฎูุ ุงููู ูุฑูุงุฏู ุจูุงููู ูุงูู ู ูุง ููู ูููู ุฅูููููู ุงูุทููุจูุนู ููููู ููููู ุงุฏููุฎูุงุฑููู ููููููุชู ุงููุญูุงุฌูุฉูุ ููุงููู ูุงูููููุฉู ุชูุซูุจูุชู ุจูุชูู ูููููู ุงููููุงุณู ููุงูููุฉู ุฃููู ุจูุนูุถูููู ูุ ููุงูุชูููููููู ู ููุซูุจูุชู ุจูููุง ููุจูุฅูุจูุงุญูุฉู ุงููุงููุชูููุงุนู ุจููู ุดูุฑูุนูุงุ ููู ูุง ููุจูุงุญู ุจูููุง ุชูู ูููููู ููุง ููููููู ู ูุงููุง ููุญูุจููุฉู ุญูููุทูุฉู ููู ูุง ููุชูู ูููููู ุจูููุง ุฅุจูุงุญูุฉู ุงููุชูููุงุนู ููุง ููููููู ู ูุชููููููู ูุง ููุงููุฎูู ูุฑูุ ููุฅูุฐูุง ุนูุฏูู ู ุงููุฃูู ูุฑูุงูู ููู ู ููุซูุจูุชู ููุงุญูุฏู ู ูููููู ูุง ููุงูุฏููู ู ุจูุญูุฑู ู ูููุฎููุตูุง ุนููู ุงููููุดููู ุงููููุจููุฑู.
ููุญูุงุตููููู ุฃูููู ุงููู ูุงูู ุฃูุนูู ูู ู ููู ุงููู ูุชูู ููููููุ ููุฃูููู ุงููู ูุงูู ู ูุง ููู ููููู ุงุฏููุฎูุงุฑููู ูููููู ุบูููุฑู ู ูุจูุงุญู ููุงููุฎูู ูุฑูุ ููุงููู ูุชููููููู ู ู ูุง ููู ููููู ุงุฏููุฎูุงุฑููู ู ูุนู ุงููุฅูุจูุงุญูุฉูุ ููุงููุฎูู ูุฑู ู ูุงูู ููุง ู ูุชููููููู ูุ ููููุฐูุง ููุณูุฏู ุงููุจูููุนู ุจูุฌูุนูููููุง ุซูู ูููุงุ ููุฅููููู ูุง ููู ู ููููุนูููุฏู ุฃูุตูููุง ุจูุฌูุนูููููุง ู ูุจููุนูุงุ ููุฃูููู ุงูุซููู ููู ุบูููุฑู ู ูููุตููุฏู ุจููู ููุณููููุฉู ุฅููู ุงููู ูููุตููุฏูุ ุฅุฐู ุงููุงููุชูููุงุนู ุจูุงููุฃูุนูููุงูู ููุง ุจูุงููุฃูุซูู ูุงููุ ููููููุฐูุง ุงูุดูุชูุฑูุทู ููุฌููุฏู ุงููู ูุจููุนู ุฏูููู ุงูุซููู ููู (ุญุงุดูุฉ ุงุจู ุนุงุจุฏูู)
ย
[13] ย ููุงุฎูุชููููููุง ููู ุงูุชููุบููููู ุงููู ูุฌูุฑููุฏู ููุงูู ุจูุนูุถูููู ู: ุฅููููู ุญูุฑูุงู ู ู ูุทูููููุง ููุงููุงุณูุชูู ูุงุนู ุฅูููููู ู ูุนูุตูููุฉู ููุฅูุทูููุงูู ุงููุญูุฏููุซู ูููููู ุงุฎูุชูููุงุฑู ุดูููุฎู ุงููุฅูุณูููุงู ู ููู ูููููู ู ู ููู ููุงูู: ููุง ุจูุฃูุณู ุจููู ููููุณูุชููููุฏู ุจููู ููููู ู ุงููู ูุนูุงููู ููุงููููุตูุงุญูุฉู ููู ูููููู ู ู ููู ุฌููููุฒู ุงูุชููุบูููููู ููุฏูููุนู ุงููููุญูุดูุฉู ุฅุฐูุง ููุงูู ููุญูุฏููู ููููุง ููููููู ุนูููู ุณูุจูููู ุงููููููููุ ููุฅููููููู ุฐูููุจู ุดูู ูุณู ุงููุฃูุฆูู ููุฉู ุงูุณููุฑูุฎูุณูููู ููุฃูููููู ุฑูููู ุฐููููู ุนููู ุจูุนูุถู ุงูุตููุญูุงุจูุฉู ูููููู ููุงูู ููู ุงูุดููุนูุฑู ุญูููู ูุ ุฃููู ููุตููุฉู ููุง ููููุฑููู ููููุฐูุง ูููู ููุงูู ููููู ุฐูููุฑู ุงู ูุฑูุฃูุฉู ุบูููุฑู ู ูุนููููููุฉู ููููุฐูุง ูููู ููุงููุชู ู ูุนููููููุฉู ูููููู ู ููููุชูุฉู ูููููู ููุงููุชู ุญููููุฉู ููููุฑููู ููุฐูุง ููู ุงูุดููุงุฑูุญู. (ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฑุงุฆู)
ููุงูู ุฃูุจูู ูููุณููู – ุฑูุญูู ููู ุงูููููู ุชูุนูุงููู – ู ููู ููุนูุจู ุจูุงูุตููููููุฌูุงูู ููุฑููุฏู ุงููููุฑููุณูุฉู ุฌูุงุฒูุชู ุดูููุงุฏูุชูููุ ููุฐูุง ููู ุงููู ูููุชูููุทู ย (ุงูููุฏูุฉ)
[14] ย ูุงูุถุงุจุท ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุจุงุจ ุนูุฏ ู ุดุงูุฎูุง ุงูุญูููุฉ ุงูู ุณุชูุงุฏ ู ู ุฃุตูููู ูุฃููุงููู ุฃู ุงูููู ุงูู ุฌุฑุฏ ุงูุฐู ูุง ุทุงุฆู ุชุญุชู ูููุณ ูู ุบุฑุถ ุตุญูุญ ู ููุฏ ูู ุงูู ุนุงุด ููุง ุงูู ุนุงุฏ ุญุฑุงู ุฃู ู ูุฑูู ุชุญุฑูู ุง ููุฐุง ุฃู ุฑ ู ุฌู ุน ุนููู ูู ุงูุฃู ุฉ ู ุชูู ุนููู ุจูู ุงูุฃุฆู ุฉ ูู ุง ูุงู ููู ุบุฑุถ ูู ุตูุญุฉ ุฏูููุฉ ุฃู ุฏููููุฉ ูุฅู ูุฑุฏ ุงูููู ุนููย ู ู ุงููุชุงุจ ุฃู ุงูุณูุฉ (ูู ุง ูู ุงููุฑุฏุดูุฑ) ูุงู ุญุฑุงู ุง ุฃู ู ูุฑููุง ุชุญุฑูู ุง ูุฃูุบูุช ุชูู ุงูู ุตูุญุฉ ูุงูุบุฑุถ ูู ุนุงุฑุถุชูุง ููููู ุงูู ุฃุซูุฑ ุญูู ุง ุจุฃู ุถุฑุฑู ุฃุนุธู ู ู ููุนู ูุฃู ุง ู ุง ูู ูุฑุฏ ููู ุงูููู ุนู ุงูุดุงุฑุน ูููู ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ูู ุตูุญุฉ ูููุงุณ ููู ุจุงููุธุฑ ุงููููู ุนูู ููุนูู:
ุงูุฃูู ู ุง ุดูุฏุช ุงูุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุจุฃู ุถุฑุฑู ุฃุนุธู ู ู ููุนู ูู ูุงุณุฏู ุฃุบูุจ ุนูู ู ูุงูุนู ูุฃูู ู ู ุงุดุชุบู ุจู ุฃููุงู ุนู ุฐูุฑ ุงููู ูุญุฏู ูุนู ุงูุตููุงุช ูุงูู ุณุงุฌุฏ ุงูุชุญู ุฐูู ุจุงูู ููู ุนูู ูุฅุดุชุฑุงู ุงูุนูุฉ ููุงู ุญุฑุงู ุง ุฃู ู ูุฑููุง
ูุงูุซุงูู ู ุง ููุณ ูุฐูู ููู ุฃูุถุง ุฅู ุงุดุชุบู ุจู ุจููุฉ ุงูุชููู ูุงูุชูุงุนุจ ููู ู ูุฑูู ูุฅู ุงุดุชุบู ุจู ูุชุญุตูู ุชูู ุงูู ููุนุฉ ูุจููุฉ ุงุณุชุฌูุงุจ ุงูู ุตูุญุฉ ููู ู ุจุงุญ ุจู ูุฏ ูุฑุชูู ุฅูู ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุฅุณุชุญุจุงุจ ุฃู ุฃุนุธู ู ูู ูุนูู ูุฐุง ุงูุฃุตู ูุงูุฃูุนุงุจ ุงูุชู ููุตุฏ ุจูุง ุฑูุงุถุฉ ุงูุฃุจุฏุงู ุฃู ุงูุฃุฐูุงู ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ูู ููุณูุง ู ุง ูู ุชุดู ู ุนูู ู ุนุตูุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ูู ุง ูู ูุคุฏ ุงูุฅููู ุงู ูููุง ุฅูู ุงูุฅุฎูุงู ุจูุงุฌุจ ุงูุฅูุณุงู ูู ุฏููู ูุฏููุงู ูุงููู ุณุจุญุงูู ุฃุนูู (ุชูู ูุฉ ูุชุญ ุงูู ููู )ย
ุงู ุงูููู ุนูู ุฃููุงุน: ููู ู ุฌุฑุฏ ุ ูููู ููู ููุน ููุงุฆุฏุฉ ูููู ูุฑุฏ ุงูุดุฑุน ุจุงูููู ุนูู ุ ูููู ููู ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ููู ูุฑุฏ ูู ุงูุดุฑุน ููู ุตุฑูุญ ุนูู ุ ููููู ุซุจุช ุจุงูุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุฃูู ูููู ุถุฑุฑู ุฃุนุธู ู ู ููุนู ู ูุชุญู ุจุงูู ููู ุนูู ุ ูููู ููู ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ููู ูุฑุฏ ุงูุดุฑุน ุจุชุญุฑูู ู ููู ูุบูุจ ุนูู ููุนู ุถุฑุฑู ูููู ูุดุชุบู ููู ุจูุตุฏ ุงูุชููู ุ ูููู ููู ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ู ูุตูุฏุฉ ููู ูุฑุฏ ุงูุดุฑุน ุจุชุญุฑูู ู ูููุณ ููู ู ูุณุฏุฉ ุฏูููุฉ ูุงุดุชุบู ุจู ุนูู ุบุฑุถ ุตุญูุญ ูุชุญุตูู ุงููุงุฆุฏุฉ ุงูู ุทููุจุฉ ูุง ุจูุตุฏ ุงูุชููู . ููุฐู ุฎู ุณุฉ ุฃููุงุน ูุง ุฌุงุฆุฒ ูููุง ุฅูุง ุงูุฃุฎูุฑ ุงูุฎุงู ุณ (ุฃุญูุงู ุงููุฑุขู)
ย
[15] https://childmind.org/article/healthy-limits-on-video-games/
https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/the-health-effects-of-too-much-gaming-2020122221645
[16] ย ย ููููุง ุฅุฎูููุงูู ุจูุญูููุธู ุงููููุงุฌูุจูุงุชู (ุชุจููู ุงูุญูุงุฆู)
ูุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงูุฑุฌู ููุนุจ ุจุดูุก ู ู ุงูู ูุงูู ูุฐูู ูุง ูุดุบูู ุนู ุงูุตููุงุฉุ ููุง ุนู ูุง (120ุฃ4) ููุฒู ู ู ู ุงููุฑุงุฆุถุ ููุธุฑ: ุฅู ูุงูุช ูุณุชุดููู ุจูู ุงููุงุณุ ูุงูู ุฒุงู ูุฑ ูุงูุทูุงุจูุฑ ูู ุชุฌุฒ ุดูุงุฏุชูุ ูุฃู ุฃุตุญุงุจ ูุฐู ุงูู ูุงูู ุฃูู ูุณู ููู ุง ุจูู ุงููุงุณุ ูุฅู ูู ููู ูุณุชุดููู ูุญู ุงูุญุฏ ุฃู ุถุฑุจ ุงููุถูุจ ุฌุงุฒุช ุดูุงุฏุชูู ุ (ุงูู ุญูุท ุงูุจุฑูุงูู)